Received 21.08.2023, Revised 06.11.2023, Accepted 04.12.2023
History is a compulsory academic discipline in all universities of the Kyrgyz Republic. The article deals and generalizes the historical development of human society from the XIX century to the present, taking into account the many variants of the proposed path of development and mechanisms of implementation of these models. This article – research is intended for students and (master ҆s) undergraduate students of philosophy and history faculties of universities
history; context; history of “human society”; problem; research; science; paradigm